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Awareness of the impact of developmental factors on clinical pain assessment and management across the life span is needed discount coumadin 5 mg mastercard. Our under- standing of pain could be enhanced greatly by more directly applying de- velopmental methodologies and extending research across developmental periods and a broader age range of individuals. Age-dependent changes of short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials in healthy adults. Silent exertional myocardial ischaemia and perception of angina in elderly people. Silent exertional myocardial ische- mia in the elderly: A quantitative analysis of anginal perceptual threshold and the influence of autonomic function. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health & American Pain Society Task Force on Pain in Infants, Children and Adolescents. The assessment and management of acute pain in infants, children, and adolescents. Halothane-morphine compared with high-dose sufentanil for anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in neonatal cardiac surgery. Randomized trial of fentanyl anaesthe- sia in preterm babies undergoing surgery: Effects on stress response. Chronic pain in a geographically defined general population: Studies of differences in age, gender, social class, and pain local- ization. Prevalence of headache within a college student population: A preliminary analysis. Electromyographic biofeedback training for tension headache in the elderly: A prospective study. Relaxation therapy for tension headache in the elderly: A prospective study. Age-related response to lidocaine-prilocaine (EMLA) emulsion and effect of mu- sic distraction on the pain of intravenous cannulation.
The definition has served psychology well because it emphasizes the complexities of psychological experiences; however buy 1 mg coumadin visa, limitations can be ob- served. Al- though there is a possibility that someone else could describe it on their behalf, the unavailability of such an observer would reduce the probability of these individuals meeting the definitional criteria for pain. Responsive to these concerns, in 2001 IASP added the following note to its definition: “The inability to communicate in no way negates the possibility that an in- dividual is experiencing pain and is in need of appropriate pain relieving treatment” (http://www. Although the note rep- resents an improvement, we would argue that the phrase “inability to com- municate” is not adequate. The vast majority of infants and other nonverbal populations are capable of some form of communication (e. Although such communications are often more difficult to decode than is verbal report, they are communication nonetheless. As such, we would pre- fer references to “limitations in ability to communicate” rather than to “in- 11. PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES: CONTROVERSIES 307 ability to communicate” (e. Representing an evolution in thinking, more recently, IASP added the word verbally to its note which now reads “The inability to communicate verbally does not negate the possibility that an individual is experiencing pain and is in need of appropriate pain-relieving treatment” (http://www. One can also question whether the definition satisfactorily captures the key features of pain, as a definition should. Although it includes emotion and sensation as essential components, it does not acknowledge the role of cognition in the experience. Melzack and Casey (1968) made it clear that all pain is a multidimensional experience made up of a complex interaction of sensory, affective, and cognitive features within the central nervous system (see also Gagliese & Katz, 2000). People’s interpretations of the meaning and implications of the experience, as determined by memory or percep- tion of the immediate context, and their ongoing thoughts and coping strat- egies, are very important features (Turk, 1996). Turk and Okifuji (2002) pro- vide a recent review of the importance of people’s appraisals of their symptoms, their ability to self-manage pain, and their fears about pain and injury that motivate efforts to avoid exacerbation of symptoms and further injury. This includes cognitive influences in the pain experience of infants and per- sons with cognitive impairments (i.
Kuhlenbäumer C (1978) Geschwisteruntersuchungen beim Scheuermann-Syndrom coumadin 5 mg amex. Z Orthop 116: 573–4 clear-cut dividing line between the isthmic and dysplastic 10. On the other hand, trauma plays an important role 30:475–87 particularly in isthmic spondylolisthesis, making it almost 11. Murray PM, Weinstein SL, Spratt KF (1993) The natural history and impossible to differentiate between a single episode of long-term follow-up of Scheuermann kyphosis. Nitzschke E, Hildenbrand M (1990) Die Epidemiologie des Run- drückens bei Schulkindern. Poolman R, Been H, Ubags L (2002) Clinical outcome and ra- diographic results after operative treatment of Scheuermann‘s The following etiological factors are involved: disease. Sachs B, Bradford D, Winter R, Lonstein J, Moe J, Willson S (1987) genetic. Z Orthop Chir The mechanical relationships in the area of the pars inter- 41: 305 articularis are such that during hyperextension the lower 16. Geb joint facet of L4 comes into contact with the pars interar- Röntgenstr Nuklearmed 41: 359 ticularis of L5. Skogland LB, Steen H, Trygstad O (1985) Spinal deformities in tall girls. Acta Orthop Scand 56: 155–7 be applied by the joint facet on the pars interarticularis, 18. Repeated trauma, 2630–9 for example caused by certain sports involving lumbar hy- 102 3. The local morphology of the pensated by a lumbar hyperlordosis and because increased joint facets also plays a crucial role.
