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The designers of short and long courses should consider the relevance of the learning environment to the potential learners purchase naprosyn 250mg fast delivery. Student representation on curriculum committees is one means of ensuring a more student centred course. The aims, objectives, and assessments should be signposted Further reading well in advance of a course and should be demonstrably fair. The teaching methods should build on learners’ experience, London: Kluwer Academic, 1994. London: findings of course evaluations, followed by staff training, helps Falmer, 1994. Evaluations should also include a means for assessment in nurse education. The psychological basis of problem-based learning: a review of the evidence. Acad Med In longer courses, student support systems and informal 1992;67:557-65. London: Students who are having difficulties need to be identified early Churchill Livingstone, 2001. In medical education, the web is increasingly used both as a learning tool to support formal programmes and as a means of delivering online learning programmes. What can educators do to ensure that the potential of the web is used effectively to support both their own learning and that of their students? The technology Much of the literature on web based learning shows that one of the main barriers to the effective use of teaching materials is the technology (for example, poor access, slow downloading) rather than the design of the learning materials themselves.

For example buy naprosyn 500mg, within a biofilm, bacteria may be actively man- ufacturing exopolysaccharide, repressed in the polymer’s con- struction, growing slowly, or resuming the active growth that is the hallmark of free-floating bacteria. Resolving the molec- Quorum sensing is a term that refers to the coordinated behav- ular nature of the spectrum of quorum sensing activities could ior exhibited by a population of. The phenomenon lead to strategies to disrupt the inter-cellular communication in involves a communication between the bacterial members of disease processes. Biofilm formation and dynamic behavior cells may rely upon glycolysis alone for their supply of ATP. Glycolysis presumably originated in primitive cells early in the Earth’s history when very little oxygen was present in the atmosphere. The glycolysis process has been referred to as anaerobic respiration, although this term is little used today to avoid confusion. Bacterial growth and division; Biochemistry Restriction are proteins that are produced by as a defense mechanism against that infect the bac- teria (bacterial phages). Most bacteria have restriction modification systems that consist of methylases and restriction enzymes. In such systems a bacteria’s own is modified by methylation (the addition of a methyl group, CH3) at a specific location determined by a specific pattern of nucleotide residue and protected from degradation by specialized enzymes termed endonucleases. The names of restriction enzymes are created from the first letter of the bacterial genus followed by the first two let- ters of the species plus a Roman numeral if more than one restriction enzyme has been identified in a particular species. Thus, the fifth restriction enzyme from is called EcoRV (pronounced e, ko, r five). Besides , restriction enzymes are used in techniques, linking the genome directly to a conventional genetic marker. Any DNA molecule, from viruses to humans, contains restriction-enzyme target sites purely by chance and, there- fore, may be cut into defined fragments of size suitable for cloning. Restriction sites are not relevant to the function of the organism, nor would they be cut because most organ- isms do not have restriction enzymes. Some enzymes cut DNA at the same position of 1000 base pairs beyond the recognition site. Type II recognizes short Cell cycle (prokaryotic), genetic regulation of; DNA DNA of four to eight nucleotides.

Compliance with night splinting regimens is a major problem generic naprosyn 500mg free shipping, and especially so in children. Many children with peripheral neuropathy will ultimately require surgery to correct structural changes in the feet. If contractures are severe and fixed, hindfoot or forefoot reconstruction with selective arthrodesis will stabilize the foot and give adequate function. In younger, flexible, or more dynamic cases there is some contro- versy over the best surgical approach. Some surgeons advocate early arthrodesis on the premise that the chronic nature of the neuropathy makes further degeneration inevitable. A second school of thought advocates a more dynamic approach, attempt- ing to restore muscle balance through tendon transfer and maintaining joint function as far as possible. Arthrodesis yields moderately good results in the short and medium term, making this a relatively predictable approach; however, the few studies that have fol- lowed cases for 15–20 years suggest that ongoing functional degeneration in neighbor- ing joints often results in reduced patient satisfaction. The joint preserving techniques are conceptually attractive but largely unproven, and many patients will eventually require arthrodesis. Quality data on the outcomes of the surgical approaches would be of great benefit to patients and doctors, but in the meantime patients and parents facing decisions about surgery should be informed that there is little consensus. The Hand Many children with peripheral neuropathy will experience difficulties resulting from weakness in the hands. Problems with clothing fasteners such as buttons and zips are common but may be overcome with dressing aids. Many children find that reduced writing speed and increased fatigue hamper their schoolwork. As typing is generally less problematic than writing with a pen, assistance with access to typing, word processing, and special computer equipment or software that speed input from the physically impaired can be very helpful. Night splints may help slow the development of clawing of the hands in children with severe distal weakness.

Ethnography Ethnography has its roots in anthropology and was a popular form of inquiry at the turn of the century when anthropologists travelled the world in search of remote tribes naprosyn 500mg without a prescription. The emphasis in ethnography is on describing and interpreting cultural behaviour. Ethnographers im- merse themselves in the lives and culture of the group being studied, often living with that group for months on end. These researchers participate in a groups’ activ- ities whilst observing its behaviour, taking notes, con- ducting interviews, analysing, reflecting and writing 18 / PRACTICAL RESEARCH METHODS reports – this may be called fieldwork or participant ob- servation. Ethnographers highlight the importance of the written text because this is how they portray the cul- ture they are studying. Feminist research There is some argument about whether feminist inquiry should be considered a methodology or epistemology, but in my opinion it can be both. Epistemology, on the other hand, is the study of the nature of knowledge and justification. Often, in the past, research was conducted on male ‘subjects’ and the results generalised to the whole popu- lation. Feminist researchers critique both the research topics and the methods used; especially those which em- phasise objective, scientific ‘truth’. With its emphasis on participative, qualitative inquiry, feminist research has provided a valuable alternative framework for research- ers who have felt uncomfortable with treating people as research ‘objects’. Under the umbrella of feminist re- search are various different standpoints – these are dis- cussed in considerable depth in some of the texts listed at the end of this chapter. Grounded theory Grounded theory is a methodology which was first laid out in 1967 by two researchers named Glaser and HOW TO DECIDE UPON A METHODOLOGY / 19 Strauss.

CHOOSING A VENUE It is extremely important to make sure you choose the right venue for your focus group as this will affect parti- cipation levels cheap 500mg naprosyn mastercard, the level of discussion and the standard of recording. You should ask yourself the following ques- tions when considering a venue: X Is the venue accessible in terms of physical access for those with mobility difficulties? X Is it accessible in terms of ‘mental’ access, that is, would the type of people you intend to recruit feel comfortable entering that building? X Is the room big enough to accommodate the number of people you intend to recruit? X Is there anything which could distract the participants (loud noises, telephones, doorbells, people entering the room, people walking past windows, etc)? Once you have chosen your venue, you need to arrive early to make sure that the seating is arranged in an appropri- ate manner. There is no set rule for this – think about your participants and arrange it accordingly. For exam- ple, business people might prefer a boardroom style seat- ing arrangement, whereas adult learners may prefer an informal seminar style arrangement. RECRUITING YOUR PARTICIPANTS Without participants you have no focus group. It is essen- tial, therefore, that you take time to ensure that you achieve a high turn out for your focus group. Think about the following points when recruiting your participants: X The ideal number of participants is nine or eleven. Odd numbers work better than even numbers as it is harder for people to pair up in breakaway conversations. X Over-recruit by between three and five people as some participants, despite reassurances to the contrary, will not attend.