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By A. Tarok. Randolph-Macon College.

Brenner and Crick completely different types of cells had been spliced into them discount diflucan 200mg on-line. DNA from one bacteria species to another and also cloning Brenner earned his Ph. Boyer is a co-founder of the genetic engineering firm His colleagues tried to find a job for him in England, but he Genentech, Inc. His many honors include the Albert and Mary of the Witwatersrand and returned to South Africa in 1955. Lasker Basic Medical Research Award in 1980, the National Brenner immediately set up a laboratory in Johannesburg to Medal of Technology in 1989, and the National Medal of continue his phage research, but missed the resources he had Science in 1990. Enduring almost three years of iso- lation, Brenner maintained contact with his colleagues by mail. See also Molecular biology and molecular genetics In January 1957, Brenner was appointed to the staff of the Medical Research Council’s Laboratory of Molecular Biology at Cambridge, and he and his family were able to set- BBrenner, SydneyRENNER, SYDNEY (1927- ) tle in England permanently. Brenner immediately attended to theoretical research on the characteristics of the genetic code South African–English molecular biologist that he had begun in Johannesburg, despite the chaotic atmo- Sydney Brenner is a geneticist and molecular biologist who sphere. At the time, the world’s foremost geneticists and has worked in the laboratories of Cambridge University since molecular biologists were debating about the manner in which 1957. Brenner played an integral part in the discovery and the sequences of DNA’s four nucleotide bases were interpreted understanding of the triplet genetic code of DNA. The structure of a DNA molecule is a long, a member of the first scientific team to introduce messenger two-stranded chain that resembles a twisted ladder. The sides RNA, helping to explain the mechanism by which genetic of the ladder are formed by alternating phosphate and sugar information is transferred from DNA to the production of pro- groups. In later years, Brenner conducted a mas- cytosine—or A, G, T, and C—form the rungs, a single base sive, award-winning research project, diagramming the anchored to a sugar on one side of the ladder and linked by nervous system of a particular species of worm and attempting hydrogen bonds to a base similarly anchored on the other side. Adenine bonds only with thymine and guanine only with cyto- Brenner was born in Germiston, South Africa. His par- sine, and this complementarity is what makes it possible to ents were neither British nor South African—Morris Brenner replicate DNA. Most believed that the bases down the rungs was a Lithuanian exile who worked as a cobbler, and Lena of the ladder were read three at a time, in triplets such as ACG, Blacher Brenner was a Russian immigrant.

DNA probes are coming into play in diagnosis of these disciplines but is also a distinct discipline discount diflucan 50mg mastercard, with its own genetic disorders, infectious diseases and cancers. It is distinctive in its emphasis on the structures and Genetically engineered strains of bacteria containing recom- relations of biomolecules, particularly enzymes and biologi- binant DNA are producing valuable proteins such as insulin cal catalysis, also on the elucidation of metabolic pathways and growth hormone. Furthermore, biochemistry is a basis for and their control and on the principle that life processes can, the rational design of new drugs. Also the rapid development at least on the physical level, be understood through the laws of powerful biochemical concepts and techniques in recent of chemistry. It has its origins as a distinct field of study in the years has enabled investigators to tackle some of the most early nineteenth century, with the pioneering work of challenging and fundamental problems in medicine and phys- Freidrich Wöhler. For example in embryology, the mechanisms by the substance of living matter was somehow quantitatively which the fertilized embryo gives rise to cells as different as different from that of nonliving matter and did not behave muscle, brain and liver are being intensively investigated. In Also, in anatomy, the question of how cells find each other in 1828 Wöhler showed that urea, a substance of biological ori- order to form a complex organ, such as the liver or brain, are gin excreted by humans and many animals as a product of being tackled in biochemical terms. The impact of biochem- nitrogen metabolism, could be synthesized in the laboratory istry is being felt in many areas of human life through this from the inorganic compound ammonium cyanate. As Wöhler kind of research, and the discoveries are fuelling the growth phrased it in a letter to a colleague, “I must tell you that I can of the life sciences as a whole. Later, in 1897, two German brothers, Eduard and cycles; Bioremediation; Biotechnology; Immunochemistry; Hans Buchner, found that extracts from broken and thor- Immunological analysis techniques; Miller-Urey experiment; oughly dead cells from yeast, could nevertheless carry out the Nitrogen cycle in microorganisms; Photosynthesis entire process of fermentation of sugar into ethanol. This dis- covery opened the door to analysis of biochemical reactions and processes in vitro (Latin “in glass”), meaning in the test BIODEGRADABLE SUBSTANCES Biodegradable substances tube rather than in vivo, in living matter. In succeeding decades many other metabolic reactions and reaction path- The increase in public environmental awareness and the ways were reproduced in vitro, allowing identification of recognition of the urgent need to control and reduce pollution reactants and products and of enzymes, or biological cata- are leading factors in the recent augment of scientific research lysts, that promoted each biochemical reaction. Biodegradable com- Until 1926, the structures of enzymes (or “ferments”) pounds could replace others that harm the environment and were thought to be far too complex to be described in chemi- pose hazards to public health, and animal and plant survival. Although proteins have large and ents and energy, is an important natural resource for the complex structures, they are also organic compounds and development of new environmental-friendly technologies with their physical structures can be determined by chemical immediate impact in the chemical industry and other eco- methods. Research efforts in this field are two-fold: to Today, the study of biochemistry can be broadly identify and/or develop transgenic biological agents that divided into three principal areas: (1) the structural chemistry digest specific existing compounds in polluted soils and water, 66 WORLD OF MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY Biofilm formation and dynamic behavior and to develop new biodegradable compounds to replace haz- drilling. Polyaspartate polymers are degradable by bacteria ardous chemicals in industrial activity.