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Which are the primary curves of the vertebral column and thick spinous processes which are the secondary curves? Describe the characteristic Sacrum 4 or 5 fused Extensive auricular surface; curves of each region discount anaprox 500 mg on line. What is the function of the transverse foramina of the cer- sacral promontory; sacral vical vertebrae? Describe the diagnostic differences between a thoracic and Coccyx 3 to 5 fused Small and triangular; coccygeal vertebrae cornua a lumbar vertebra. Which structures are similar and could therefore be characteristic of a typical vertebra? Skeletal System: © The McGraw−Hill Anatomy, Sixth Edition Introduction and the Axial Companies, 2001 Skeleton 164 Unit 4 Support and Movement Costal cartilages FIGURE 6. Objective 14 Identify the parts of the rib cage and compare A jugular notch is formed at the superior end of the manubrium, and contrast the various types of ribs. The manubrium articu- lates with the costal cartilages of the first and second ribs. The The sternum (“breastbone”), ribs, costal cartilages, and the previ- body of the sternum attaches to the costal cartilages of the sec- ously described thoracic vertebrae form the rib cage (fig. The rib cage is anteroposteriorly compressed and more narrow superiorly than inferiorly. It supports the pectoral girdle and upper extremities, protects and supports the thoracic and upper sternum: Gk. Skeletal System: © The McGraw−Hill Anatomy, Sixth Edition Introduction and the Axial Companies, 2001 Skeleton Chapter 6 Skeletal System: Introduction and the Axial Skeleton 165 Articular surfaces Head of head of rib Neck Tubercle Articular surface Angle of tubercle Superior surface Body Costochondral joint Costal groove Internal surface Inferior surface Costal cartilage FIGURE 6. The xiphoid process does not attach projects posteriorly and articulates with the body of a thoracic to ribs but is an attachment for abdominal muscles.

The intermediate zone discount anaprox 500mg with mastercard, a 98–106, 120, 130) part of the spinal cord grey matter, contains some of the terminals of these fibers but not the descending tracts in toto. Answer E: The solitary nucleus receives general visceral affer- 95) ent (GVA) and special visceral afferent information (SVA, this in- put is taste) and is located in the region of the medulla served by 20. Answer C: Weakness of the muscles of the face, particularly posterior inferior cerebellar artery. All of the other choices are in when upper and lower portions of the face are involved, indicate the territory served by the anterior spinal artery. Answer E: The tonsil of the cerebellum is located close to the at caudal levels. The hypoglossal nucleus innervates muscles of the midline and immediately above the medulla: its position relative to tongue, the trigeminal nucleus innervates masticatory muscles, the cerebellum is caudal, medial, and inferior. Tonsillar herniation and the abducens nucleus innervates the lateral rectus muscle, all may compress the medulla, and if sudden, may result in death. The arcuate nucleus is a group of cells lo- other portions of the cerebellum do not herniate. Answer B: The fibers of the anterolateral system are located in eral areas of the brainstem may also interrupt hypothalamospinal the lateral portion of the pontine tegmentum anterior (ventral) to fibers descending from the hypothalamus to the intermediolateral the facial motor nucleus; these fibers convey pain and thermal in- cell column in upper thoracic levels of the spinal cord. The spinal trigeminal tract and the anterior trigeminothala- the patient may present with a Horner syndrome, part of which is mic tract also convey pain and thermal input but from the ipsilat- a small (constricted) pupil. In addition, the affected pupil may re- eral and contralateral sides of the face, respectively. The anterolateral system conveys so- lemniscus is auditory in function and the medial lemniscus conveys matosensory input and fibers of the medial longitudinal fasciculus proprioception, vibratory sense, and discriminative touch. Reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts influence spinal motor neurons. Answer B: The dorsomedial nucleus is located medial to the in- ternal medullary lamina and, through its connections, one if its 29. Answer C: The pulvinar, geniculate nuclei, ventral posterome- functions is to participate in arousal of the cerebral cortex.

Clin Endocrinol 57:145-155 The bowing of the limbs causes affected individuals to be 19 500mg anaprox fast delivery. Genant HK, Heck LL, Lanzl LH et al (1973) Primary hyper- parathyroidism: A comprehensive study of clinical, biochemi- short in height. There is often premature loss of dentition cal, and radiographic manifestations. Radiology 109:513-524 due to resorption of dentine, with replacement of the pulp 20. Am J Roentgenol 104:884-892 The radiographic features closely resemble those of 21. Genant HK, Baron JM, Strauss FH et al (1975) Osteosclerosis in primary hyperparathyroidism. Am J Med 59:104-113 Paget’s disease, but are diagnostic as they involve the 22. Skelet Radiol, whole skeleton and affect children from the age of 2 18:415-426 years. Wishart J, Horowitz M, Need A, Nordin BE (1990) 40 years, and skeletal involvement is either monostotic or Relationship between forearm and vertebral mineral density in asymmetrically polyostotic. On radionuclide scanning, postmenopausal women with primary hyperparathyroidism. Arch Intern Med 150:1329-1331 there is a generalized increase in uptake, giving a “super 24. Silverberg SJ, Gartenberg F, Jacobs TP et al (1995) Increased scan”, due to excessive osteoblastic activity, with absence bone density after parathyroidectomy in primary hyper- of evidence of renal uptake. Semin Dial 15(4)277- roidism: analysis of 52 cases, including report of new case. Gipstein RM, Coburn JW, Adams JA et al (1976) 28) Salvesen HA, Boe J (1953) Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Calciphylaxis in man: A syndrome of tissue necrosis and vas- Acta Endocinol 14:214-226 cular calcification in 11 patients with chronic renal failure. Ryan EA, Reiss E (1984) Oncogenous osteomalacia: Review Pseudohypoparathyroidism - An example of “Seabright- of the world literature of 42 cases.